In this introductory course I will present the basic notions, both local and global, using classical examples. I will explain statements in connection with the resolution of singularities with for instance the singular Frobenius Theorem or the Liouvilian integration. I will also present some open questions which I will motivate by examples. Dans ce cours introductif je m’attacherai à présenter les notions de base tant locales que globales au travers d’exemples classiques. J’aborderai des énoncés liés à la résolution des singularités avec par exemple le théorème de Frobenius singulier ou l’intégration Liouvillienne. Je présenterai aussi quelques problèmes ouverts que je motiverai encore au travers d’exemples.  
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, institut fourier, summer school, feuilletages, COURBES PSEUDOHOLOMORPHES

L’utilisation de méthodes de théorie des faisceaux (Kashiwara-Schapira)a été dévelopée ces dernières années par Tamarkin, Nadler, Zaslow, Guillermou, Kashiwara et Schapira. Nous essaierons d’en donner un aperçu à la fois pour démontrer des résultats classiques, comme la conjecture d’Arnold, et pour des résultats nouveaux. The use of methods from the Sheaf Theory (Kashiwara-Schapira) was developped recently by Tamarkin, Nadler, Zaslow, Guillermou, Kashiwara and Schapira. We will try to give an insight of that, in order to prove classical results, such as the Arnold conjecture, and to obtain new results.  
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, institut fourier, summer school, feuilletages, COURBES PSEUDOHOLOMORPHES

Automates finis et langages rationnels de mots finis • Automates finis et mots infinis • Systèmes de numération à base réelle • Nombres de Pisot, nombres de Parry et nombres de Perron • Systèmes de numération définis par une suite
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, dynamics, institut fourier, summer school, number theory, automates, Systèmes de numération

The aim of these lectures is to give an introduction to quantum field theory on curved spacetimes, from the point of view of partial differential equations and microlocal analysis. I will concentrate on free fields and quasi-free states, and say very little on interacting fields or perturbative renormalization. I will start by describing the necessary algebraic background, namely CCR and CAR algebras, and the notion of quasi-free states, with their basic properties and characterizations. I will then introduce the notion of globally hyperbolic spacetimes, and its importance for classical field theory (advanced and retarded fundamental solutions, unique solvability of the Cauchy problem). Using these results I will explain the algebraic quantization of the two main examples of quantum fields ona manifold, namely the Klein-Gordon (bosonic) and Dirac (fermionic) fields.In the second part of the lectures I will discuss the important notion of Hadamardstates , which are substitutes in curved spacetimes for the vacuum state  in Minkowskispacetime. I will explain its original motivation, related to the definition of therenormalized stress-energy tensor in a quantum field theory. I will then describethe modern characterization of Hadamard states, by the wavefront set of their twopointfunctions, and prove the famous Radzikowski theorem , using the Duistermaat-Hörmander notion of distinguished parametrices . If time allows, I will also describe the quantization of gauge fields, using as example the Maxwell field.
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, General Relativity, institut fourier, summer school, asymptotic analysis

The aim of these lectures is to give an introduction to quantum field theory on curved spacetimes, from the point of view of partial differential equations and microlocal analysis. I will concentrate on free fields and quasi-free states, and say very little on interacting fields or perturbative renormalization. I will start by describing the necessary algebraic background, namely CCR and CAR algebras, and the notion of quasi-free states, with their basic properties and characterizations. I will then introduce the notion of globally hyperbolic spacetimes, and its importance for classical field theory (advanced and retarded fundamental solutions, unique solvability of the Cauchy problem). Using these results I will explain the algebraic quantization of the two main examples of quantum fields ona manifold, namely the Klein-Gordon (bosonic) and Dirac (fermionic) fields.In the second part of the lectures I will discuss the important notion of Hadamardstates , which are substitutes in curved spacetimes for the vacuum state  in Minkowskispacetime. I will explain its original motivation, related to the definition of therenormalized stress-energy tensor in a quantum field theory. I will then describethe modern characterization of Hadamard states, by the wavefront set of their twopointfunctions, and prove the famous Radzikowski theorem , using the Duistermaat-Hörmander notion of distinguished parametrices . If time allows, I will also describe the quantization of gauge fields, using as example the Maxwell field.
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, General Relativity, institut fourier, summer school, asymptotic analysis

The aim of these lectures is to give an introduction to quantum field theory on curved spacetimes, from the point of view of partial differential equations and microlocal analysis. I will concentrate on free fields and quasi-free states, and say very little on interacting fields or perturbative renormalization. I will start by describing the necessary algebraic background, namely CCR and CAR algebras, and the notion of quasi-free states, with their basic properties and characterizations. I will then introduce the notion of globally hyperbolic spacetimes, and its importance for classical field theory (advanced and retarded fundamental solutions, unique solvability of the Cauchy problem). Using these results I will explain the algebraic quantization of the two main examples of quantum fields ona manifold, namely the Klein-Gordon (bosonic) and Dirac (fermionic) fields.In the second part of the lectures I will discuss the important notion of Hadamardstates , which are substitutes in curved spacetimes for the vacuum state  in Minkowskispacetime. I will explain its original motivation, related to the definition of therenormalized stress-energy tensor in a quantum field theory. I will then describethe modern characterization of Hadamard states, by the wavefront set of their twopointfunctions, and prove the famous Radzikowski theorem , using the Duistermaat-Hörmander notion of distinguished parametrices . If time allows, I will also describe the quantization of gauge fields, using as example the Maxwell field.
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, General Relativity, institut fourier, summer school, asymptotic analysis

we will review a new construction of Hadamard states for quantized Klein-­‐Gordon fields on curved spacetimes, relying on pseudo differential calculus on a Cauchy surface. We also present some work in progress where Hadamard states are constructed from traces of Klein-­‐Gordon fields on a characteristic cone. (Joint work with Michal Wrochna).
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, institut fourier, summer school, calculus of variation, asymptotic analysis

A celebrated theorem of Almgren shows that every integer rectifiable current which minimizes (locally) the area is a smooth submanifold except for a singular set of codimension at most 2. Almgren’s theorem is sharp in codimension higher than 1, because holomorphic subvarieties of Cn are area-minimizing. In fact the typical singularity of a 2-dimensional area-minimizing current is modelled by branch points of holomorphic curves. These singularities are rather difficult to analyze because they might be very high order phenomena.
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, institut fourier, summer school, geometric measure theory, calculus of variation

A celebrated theorem of Almgren shows that every integer rectifiable current which minimizes (locally) the area is a smooth submanifold except for a singular set of codimension at most 2. Almgren’s theorem is sharp in codimension higher than 1, because holomorphic subvarieties of Cn are area-minimizing. In fact the typical singularity of a 2-dimensional area-minimizing current is modelled by branch points of holomorphic curves. These singularities are rather difficult to analyze because they might be very high order phenomena.
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, institut fourier, summer school, geometric measure theory, calculus of variation

A celebrated theorem of Almgren shows that every integer rectifiable current which minimizes (locally) the area is a smooth submanifold except for a singular set of codimension at most 2. Almgren’s theorem is sharp in codimension higher than 1, because holomorphic subvarieties of Cn are area-minimizing. In fact the typical singularity of a 2-dimensional area-minimizing current is modelled by branch points of holomorphic curves. These singularities are rather difficult to analyze because they might be very high order phenomena.
Mot(s) clés libre(s) : mathématiques, Grenoble, école d'été, institut fourier, summer school, geometric measure theory, calculus of variation